Estimates for rare three-body decays of the Ω baryon using chiral symmetry and the ΔI=1=2 rule

We study rare three-body decays of the omega baryon using SU(3) chiral perturbation theory, the successful effective field theory of quantum chromodynamics at low energies. At leading order, we calculate the branching fractions of the decay omega- -> Xi pi pi for all possible combinations of pions. For one channel, we find an order-of-magnitude discrepancy between theory and experiment. This tension is known to exist in the nonrelativistic limit, and we confirm that it remains in the relativistic calculation. Fairly independent of the values of the low-energy constants, we establish lower limits for the branching fractions of these three -body omega decays, which reaffirm the gap between theory and experiment. We point out that this discrepancy is closely tied to the Delta I = 1=2 selection rule. In turn, this means that the three-body decays constitute an interesting tool to scrutinize the selection rule. Using next-to-leading-order calculations, we also provide predictions for the decay omega- -> Xi 0 mu-nu over bar mu. We show that fully differential distributions will provide access to low-energy constants needed in the axial-vector transitions from a decuplet to octet baryon. Since data for all of these rare three-body omega decays are scarce (fully differential data are nonexistent), we recommend that they be remeasured at running and upcoming experiments, such as BESIII, LHCb, Belle-II, and PANDA.