The effects of non-metallic inclusions on properties relevant to the performance of steel in structural and mechanical applications

Non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) occur typically in low or very low volume fractions (from 10 -2 in a high oxygen weld deposit to 10(-5) in very clean bearing steels) but play an important role in many properties of steel. NMIs play a decisive role in processes involving ductile fracture, fatigue and corrosion, for instance. These are some of the properties more relevant to the performance of steel in structural and mechanical applications. Furthermore, NMIs may influence nucleation during phase transformations of steel. In this work, the relation of these properties to NMIs is reviewed, highlighting progress and difficulties in each area. Perhaps because of their very low volume fraction, NMIs are sometimes overlooked in the basic physical metallurgy education and their study is left to the realm of those interested in steelmaking. In the last decades a dramatic evolution in the understanding of their relationship to properties, however, has led to significant improvements in many steel products: the outstanding increase of fatigue life in automotive springs and in bearings is one of many such examples. It is concluded that steel improvement in many cases requires "inclusion engineering" and this can only be achieved through close collaboration between physical metallurgy, process metallurgy and steelmaking. Those who realized this have made significant progress in steel development in recent decades as highlighted in this short review. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.