Forecasting Sunspot Time Series Using Deep Learning Methods

To predict Solar Cycle 25, we used the values of sunspot number (SSN), which have been measured regularly from 1749 to the present. In this study, we converted the SSN dataset, which consists of SSNs between 1749-2018, into a time series, and made the ten-year forecast with the help of deep-learning (DL) algorithms. Our results show that algorithms such as long-short-term memory (LSTM) and neural network autoregression (NNAR), which are DL algorithms, perform better than many algorithms such as ARIMA, Naive, Seasonal Naive, Mean and Drift, which are expressed as classical algorithms in a large time-series estimation process. Using the R programming language, it was also predicted that the maximum amplitude of Solar Cycle (SC) 25 will be reached between 2022 and 2023.