Emodin increases Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channel in guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle

Emodin is known to be used in the treatment of cholesterol stones and cholecystitis. This study sought to investigate the effects of emodin on the contraction of gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM), intracellular Ca2+ concentration and L-type calcium current in GBSM cells. Gallbladder muscle strips were obtained from adult guinea pigs and the resting tension was recorded. Gallbladder smooth muscle cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion. Cells were loaded with fluo-3/AM and [Ca2+](i) was determined by a laser confocal microscope. Calcium current was recorded by the whole-cell patch clamp method. Emodin increased the resting tension of GBSM strips in a dose-dependent manner. Emodin elevated [Ca2+](i) in GBSM cells, and this effect was attenuated by pretreatment with nifedipine. In addition. Emodin increased L-type calcium current at concentrations of 1 to 30 mu M (at + 10 mV, 10 mu M, 45.1 +/- 5.2% compared to control, EC50 = 3.11 mu M). In the presence of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, Staurosporine, emodin did not significantly affect the calcium current. However, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate mimicked emodin in enhancement of the calcium current. These results suggest that emodin promotes gallbladder contraction by increasing Ca2+ influx through L-type calcium channel via PKC pathway. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.