[1] Univ Montreal, Dept Finance, HEC Montreal, 3000 Ch Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, PQ H3T 2A7, Canada
[2] Univ Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse Sch Econ, CNRS, 1 Esplanade Univ, F-31080 Toulouse 06, France
[3] Univ Laval, Finance Insurance & Real Estate Dept, Pavillon Palasis Prince,2325 Rue Terrasse, Quebec City, PQ G1V 0A7, Canada
[4] ESG UQAM, Dept Econ, 315 Rue Ste Catherine Est, Montreal, PQ H2X 2X2, Canada
[5] Univ Montreal, Dept Appl Econ, HEC Montreal, 3000 Ch Cote Ste Catherine, Montreal, PQ H3T 2A7, Canada
[6] NBER, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA