Essential oils (EOs) from boldo [Peumus boldus Mol.], poleo [Lippia turbinata var. integrifolia (Griseb.)], clove [Syzygium aromaticum L], anise [Pimpinella anisum] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris]) obtained by hydrodistillation were evaluated for their effectiveness against the growth of Aspergillus niger aggregate and A. carbonarius and accumulation of ochratoxin A (OTA). The evaluation was performed by compound dissolution at the doses of 0.500, 1500 and 2500 mu L/L in peanut meal extract agar (PMEA) and exposure to volatiles of boldo, poleo (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mu L/L) and clove oils (0, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mu L/L), taking into account the levels of the water activity of the medium (a(w) 0.98, 0.95, 0.93). Statistical analyses on growth of Aspergillus strains indicated that the major effect was produced by oil concentrations followed by substrate aw, and that reductions in antifungal efficiency of the oils tested were observed in vapor exposure assay. At all aw levels, complete fungal growth inhibition was achieved with boldo EO at doses of 1500 and 2000 mu L/L by contact and volatile assays, respectively. Contact exposure by poleo and clove EOs showed total fungal inhibition at the middle level tested of 1500 mu L/L, regardless of aw, while their antifungal effects in headspace volatile assay were closely dependent on medium aw. The fumigant activity of poleo (2000 mu L/L) and clove oils (3000 mu L/L) inhibited growth rate by 66.0% and 80.6% at aw 0.98 and 0.93, respectively. OTA accumulation was closely dependent on aw conditions. The antiochratoxigenic property of the volatile fractions of boldo, poleo and clove EOs (1000 mu L/L) was more significant at low aw levels, inhibition percentages were estimated at 14.7, 41.7 and 78.5% at aw 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. Our results suggest that boldo, poleo and clove oils affect the OTA biosynthesis pathway of both Aspergillus species. This finding leaves open the possibility of their use by vapor exposure as effective non-toxic biopreservatives against OTA contamination in stored peanuts. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
