The LOFAR Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS) I. Survey description and first results

被引：92

作者：

Heald, G. H. ^{[1
,2
]}

Pizzo, R. F. ^{[1
]}

Orru, E. ^{[1
]}

Breton, R. P. ^{[3
]}

Carbone, D. ^{[4
]}

Ferrari, C. ^{[5
]}

Hardcastle, M. J. ^{[6
]}

Jurusik, W. ^{[7
]}

Macario, G. ^{[5
]}

Mulcahy, D. ^{[3
,8
]}

Rafferty, D. ^{[9
]}

Asgekar, A. ^{[1
]}

Brentjens, M. ^{[1
]}

Fallows, R. A. ^{[1
]}

Frieswijk, W. ^{[1
]}

Toribio, M. C. ^{[1
]}

Adebahr, B. ^{[8
]}

Arts, M. ^{[1
]}

Bell, M. R. ^{[10
]}

Bonafede, A. ^{[9
]}

Bray, J. ^{[3
]}

Broderick, J. ^{[3
,11
]}

Cantwell, T. ^{[3
]}

Carroll, P. ^{[12
]}

Cendes, Y. ^{[4
]}

Clarke, A. O. ^{[3
]}

Croston, J. ^{[3
]}

Daiboo, S. ^{[13
]}

de Gasperin, F. ^{[9
]}

Gregson, J. ^{[14
]}

Harwood, J. ^{[1
,6
]}

Hassall, T. ^{[3
]}

Heesen, V. ^{[3
]}

Horneffer, A. ^{[8
]}

van der Horst, A. J. ^{[4
]}

Iacobelli, M. ^{[1
,15
]}

Jelic, V. ^{[1
,2
]}

Jones, D. ^{[16
]}

Kant, D. ^{[1
]}

Kokotanekov, G. ^{[4
]}

Martin, P. ^{[3
]}

McKean, J. P. ^{[1
,2
]}

Morabito, L. K. ^{[15
]}

Nikiel-Wroczynski, B. ^{[7
]}

Offringa, A. ^{[1
]}

Pandey, V. N. ^{[1
]}

Pandey-Pommier, M. ^{[17
]}

Pietka, M. ^{[3
,11
]}

Pratley, L. ^{[18
]}

Riseley, C. ^{[3
]}

机构：

[1] ASTRON, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands

[2] Univ Groningen, Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands

[3] Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England

[4] Univ Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Inst, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands

[5] Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, Lab Lagrange, Observ Cote Azur, UMR 7293,CNRS, F-06300 Nice, France

[6] Univ Hertfordshire, Sch Phys Astron & Math, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England

[7] Jagiellonian Univ, Astron Observ, PL-30244 Krakow, Poland

[8] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[9] Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

[10] Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[11] Univ Oxford, Astrophys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England

[12] Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

[13] Univ Paris Diderot, Observ Paris, LESIA, CNRS,UPMC, F-92195 Meudon, France

[14] Open Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England

[15] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[16] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands

[17] Univ Lyon 1, CRAL, Observ Lyon, F-69561 St Genis Laval, France

[18] Victoria Univ Wellington, Sch Chem & Phys Sci, Wellington 6140, New Zealand

[19] CSIRO Astron & Space Sci, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia

[20] Univ Edinburgh, IfA, Royal Observ, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland

[21] Ctr Wiskunde & Informat, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, Netherlands

[22] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Astron Inst, D-44801 Bochum, Germany

[23] Univ Paris Diderot, GEPI, Observ Paris, CNRS, F-92190 Meudon, France

[24] SKA South Africa, ZA-7405 Pinelands, South Africa

[25] Rhodes Univ, Dept Phys & Elect, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa

[26] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Dr Remeis Sternwarte & ECAP, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany

[27] Univ Wurzburg, Inst Theoret Phys & Astrophys, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany

[28] Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Onsala Space Observ, S-43992 Onsala, Sweden

[29] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA

[30] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[31] Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA

[32] Deutsch GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Dept Geodesy & Remote Sensing 1, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany

[33] SRON Netherlands Insitute Space Res, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands

[34] Joint Inst VLBI Europe, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands

[35] Univ Twente, NL-7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands

[36] Leibniz Inst Astrophys Potsdam AIP, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany

[37] Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Mt Stromlo Obs, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia

[38] SmarterVision BV, NL-9401 JX Assen, Netherlands

[39] Thuringer Landessternwarte, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany

[40] Hamburger Sternwarte, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

[41] Univ Orleans, LPC2E, CNRS, F-45071 Orleans 2, France

[42] Univ Orleans, Stn Radioastron Nancay, Observ Paris, CNRS,INSU,USR 704,OSUC, F-18330 Nancay, France

[43] Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA

[44] Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England

[45] Lebedev Phys Inst, Ctr Astro Space, Moscow 117997, Russia

[46] Natl Inst Nat Sci, Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan

[47] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[48] Univ Oulu, Sodankyla Geophys Observ, Sodankyla 99600, Finland

[49] STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England

[50] Curtin Univ, Int Ctr Radio Astron Res, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2015年 / 582卷

基金：

欧洲研究理事会;

关键词：

surveys; radio continuum: general; RADIO SKY; EMISSION; VIEW; PROJECTION; GALAXY;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201425210

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

We present the Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS), the first northern-sky Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) imaging survey. In this introductory paper, we first describe in detail the motivation and design of the survey. Compared to previous radio surveys, MSSS is exceptional due to its intrinsic multifrequency nature providing information about the spectral properties of the detected sources over more than two octaves (from 30 to 160 MHz). The broadband frequency coverage, together with the fast survey speed generated by LOFAR's multibeaming capabilities, make MSSS the first survey of the sort anticipated to be carried out with the forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Two of the sixteen frequency bands included in the survey were chosen to exactly overlap the frequency coverage of large-area Very Large Array (VLA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) surveys at 74MHz and 151MHz respectively. The survey performance is illustrated within the MSSS Verification Field (MVF), a region of 100 square degrees centered at (alpha, delta)(J2000) = (15(h), 69 degrees). The MSSS results from the MVF are compared with previous radio survey catalogs. We assess the flux and astrometric uncertainties in the catalog, as well as the completeness and reliability considering our source finding strategy. We determine the 90% completeness levels within the MVF to be 100 mJy at 135 MHz with 108 '' resolution, and 550 mJy at 50 MHz with 166 '' resolution. Images and catalogs for the full survey, expected to contain 150 000-200 000 sources, will be released to a public web server. We outline the plans for the ongoing production of the final survey products, and the ultimate public release of images and source catalogs.

引用

页数：22

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