Outline for a history of science measurement

The measurement of science and technology (S&T) is now fifty years old. It owes a large part of its existence to the work of the National Science Foundation and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in the 1950s and 1960s. Given the centrality of S&T statistics in science studies, it is surprising that no history of the measurement exists in the literature. This article outlines such a history. The history is cast in the light of social statistics. Like social statistics. S&T indicators are produced mainly by governments but differ in a number of aspects. First, they, have not been developed to control individuals. Second, they have taken shape from the start at the international level. Third, they, reflect a consensus among states and their organizations. This article shows that this specificity is due to the sociopolitics that drives S&T measurement.