The abatement of CO2-emissions in the production of ferroalloys

Specific CO2-emissions are given for the production of silicon-metal, ferrosilicon, ferromanganese and silicomanganese. Emissions taken into account come from reduction materials, from coke production and generation of electric energy. CO2-emissions can be abated by direct and by indirect methods. A direct method is to replace fossil carbon as reduction material wholly or partially by endogenous carbon (biocarbon, charcoal). Another possibility is to produce metals by electrolysis instead of the present electric smelting furnace. Indirectly CO2-emissions can be reduced by energy recovery, thus saving coal, oil or natural gas for heat generation. Some reduction in global CO2-emissions can be obtained by giving credit for the use of silica dust partially replacing cement in concrete. In addition to give an overview of possible methods, costs will be discussed.