General therapeutic considerations in patients with acute renal failure

The purpose of this review is to provide the pharmacy student with an overview of the therapeutic considerations in patients with acute renal failure that has not responded to preliminary interventions (e.g., fluid therapy for restoration of plasma volume in patients with hypovolemia-induced renal dysfunction). A taxonomical listing of goals and objectives is provided to direct the student towards desired learning outcomes, The definition, causes, consequences, and prevention of acute renal failure are briefly discussed followed by a delineation of associated problems and treatment options. The problems discussed in this review fall into five general categories: fluid and electrolyte disturbances, acid/base imbalance, infectious complications, coagulopathies, and alterations in macronutrient metabolism and elimination.