Adult Steller sea lion mortality on rookeries in the Russian Far East, 2002-2010

被引：7
|
作者：
Altukhov, A. V. [1 ]
Permyakov, P. A. [2 ]
Andrews, R. D. [3 ,4 ]
Burkanov, V. N. [1 ,5 ,6 ]
Calkins, D. G. [6 ]
Trukhin, A. M. [2 ]
Gelatt, T. S. [5 ]
机构：
[1] Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Kamchatka Branch, Pacific Geog Inst, Petropavlovsk Kamchatski 683000, Kamchatka, Russia
[2] Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Ilyichev Pacific Oceanol Inst, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
[3] Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA
[4] Alaska SeaLife Ctr, Seward, AK 99664 USA
[5] NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA
[6] N Pacific Wildlife Consulting LLC, Anchorage, AK 99516 USA
来源：
RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF MARINE BIOLOGY | 2012年 / 38卷 / 06期
关键词：
Russian Far East; Steller sea lions; mortality; behavior; killer bulls; NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; ATTENDANCE PATTERNS; KURIL ISLANDS; FEMALES;
D O I：
10.1134/S106307401206003X
中图分类号：
Q17 [水生生物学];
学科分类号：
071004 ;
摘要：
We used visual observations during nine field seasons to determine the causes and death rate of Steller sea lions older than 1 year on eight rookeries in the Russian Far East. The average annual death rate was 0.48% of the total recorded Steller sea lions on shore and varied among rookeriesy. The mortality did not exceed 0.29% in six rookeries, but reached 0.80-1.19% in two rookeries. Individuals of all age and sex groups were recorded among dead animals. Bulls died as a result of territorial conflicts, and cows and young lions were crushed or suffocated by bulls during copulation. The death of nearly half of the females was attributed to 11 bulls.
引用
收藏
页码：442 / 447
页数：6
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