Cd isotopic composition in the suspended and sinking particles of the surface water of the South China Sea: The effects of biotic activities

We determined the Cd isotopic composition of size-fractionated phytoplankton, zooplankton and sinking particles collected in the top 160 m of a deep water time series station in the South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the fractionation effects of major biotic activities. The isotopic composition (epsilon Cd-114/110 = [(Cd-114/Cd-110)(sample)/(Cd-114/Cd-110)(NIST 3108) - 1] x 10(4)) ranged from -2.5 to +7.0, from -9.3 to +6.7, from -1.2 to +4.5, and from -0.2 to +3.2 epsilon in the plankton of size fractions 10-60, 60-150, >150, and >100 mu m, respectively. The composition in the two smallest fractions, dominated by phytoplankton, was lower than the ambient seawater value (+8 to +9 epsilon), indicating that the phytoplankton preferentially take up relatively light Cd isotopes. The insignificant difference between the composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton suggests that the fractionation effect through zooplankton grazing may be relatively small. The composition in the sinking particles at 30 m, ranging from +8.1 to +12.8 epsilon, was significantly heavier than the composition in the suspended particles and the composition increased with depth, ranging from +11.5 to +20.8 epsilon at 100 m, and from +16.0 to +18.0 epsilon at 160 m. The increasing isotopic value with depth indicates that the processes of microbial degradation and/or zooplankton repackaging preferentially decomposed relatively light Cd in the sinking particles. The comparable isotopic composition between sinking particles and dissolved Cd indicates that the fractionation effects of major biotic activities, including phytoplankton uptake, microbial degradation and zooplankton repackaging, take place at similar magnitudes and result in insignificant net biological fractionation effects of Cd in the mixed layer. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.