Systematic review of alternative access for cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention: Dorsal distal radial and ulnar artery catheterization

The femoral and radial arteries are the standard access routes for cardiac catheterization. In cases where the right radial artery has been previously utilized or is not suitable for repeat procedures, the left dorsal distal radial artery (anatomical snuff box) or the ulnar artery may be an alternative access site. In this systematic review, alternative access sites are described along with the techniques of cannulation, technical considerations, ultrasound imaging, clinical studies, and their complications. As we routinely perform more radial procedures, increased complications will arise, so it becomes important to gain expertise in alternative access for future coronary interventions. Such a systematic review has not been previously published so it will enhance the reader's knowledge of alternative access.