Modeling and Optimization of Industrial Compressed-Air Energy Systems for Demand Response

This paper describes a modeling and optimization of operation for small compressed-air energy systems (CAES) in the range of kW, typical of small and medium enterprises (SME) and energy intensive industry. These CAES are equipped with air storage. This paper analyzes how those systems may provide flexibility for electrical Demand Response (DR) in city districts. The paper presents first, the modeling of a CAES system. The system design, such as compressor and storage size is then performed based on the modeling results. The mixed-integer linear optimization model for using CAES is explained afterwards. The optimization is an offline day-ahead optimization for planning operation purposes. The approach is analyzed in terms of flexibility within a test case for optimizing the CAES of a typical German car repair shop.