Smiling women and fighting men -: The gender of the communist subject in state socialist Hungary

The gendered assumptions embedded in the construction of the rational individual are well established in Western feminist thought but inapplicable to describe societies operating on different principles, such as East European state socialism. This article identifies the communist subject as the building block of communist political ideology and argues that this formulation was no less male biased than its counterpart, the rational individual under liberal capitalism. In state socialist Hungary this male bias came to be expressed differently: Women were integrated into society through membership in a social group perceived as relatively homogeneous regarding interests and obligations and with gender-specific qualities and privileges. These qualities were considered inferior to men's since women - because of household responsibilities - were not capable of total devotion to the communist party. The author explores this construction of the female communist subject throught a content analysis of classified materials from the archives of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party.