Strategies for sizing particles in drilling and completion fluids

To minimize formation damage caused by drill-in and completion fluids, solids must be sized to satisfy two important criteria. First, they must be large enough to not invade the rock, and second, they must be small enough to form filter cake that effectively filters drill solids and polymers from entering the formation. These criteria, when used together with the model presented in this paper, quantitatively determine the particle size that should be use ill drill-in fluids for a given formation permeability, overbalance pressure, and mud formulation. A model is presented that estimates the depth and degree of formation damage caused by solids of widely different sizes present in drilling or completion fluids. The depth of damage and permeability loss is calculated after the invasion of the mud and also after flowback. The effect of the particle size distribution in the fluid, particle concentration, overbalance pressure, and permeability of the formation are studied. It is demonstrated that particle invasion and flowback processes are largely dependent on the particle size in the mud and the permeability of the formation. The results of the model are shown to agree well with mud filtration experiments. To better estimate the particle size distribution in drill-in and completion fluids, different methods for measuring particle sizes were investigated. These results show that the measured particle sizes can vary over two orders of magnitude depending on the technique used and on sample preparation. Based on a comparative analysis of several samples, light-scattering techniques are recommended for measuring the particle size distribution. Recommendations for sample preparation are also provided.