New EMS to Incorporate Smart Parking Lots Into Demand Response

Demand response (DR) seeks to involve end-use customers in modifying their electricity usage and to offer incentive payments to encourage lower electricity use at times of high prices. This paper provides an approach that realizes DR by developing an energy management system for incorporating aggregated plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in parking lots. This approach includes real-time interaction between the aggregator and PEV owners, whereby the aggregator proposes a number of offers and the owner responds based on his/her preference. The optimization problem is defined as mixed integer nonlinear programming. An extensive performance evaluation using MATLAB/GAMS simulation of the 38-bus test system verifies the success and effectiveness of the proposed method.