Mesozooplankton succession in a sub-Antarctic bay (Beagle channel, Southern tip of South America): distinctive annual patterns between two environmentally different zones

Frequent sampling of zooplankton is essential to understand their annual dynamics. However, in polar and subpolar ecosystems, such sampling is rare. This study comparatively analysed, for the first time, the annual mesozooplankton succession in the northwest nearshore and external zones of Ushuaia Bay in the sub-Antarctic Beagle Channel by monthly sampling over two years. The nearshore zone, with shallow waters and strong continental and anthropogenic influence, was characterised by the year-round occurrence of the euryhaline copepodEurytemoraamericanaand adventitious taxa. The mesozooplankton community exhibited pronounced monthly and year-to-year variability but, as a general seasonal trend, winter assemblages were dominated by the copepodOithona similisand adventitious nematodes, whereas the spring-summer ones were dominated byE. americana, the cladoceranPodon leuckartiand Cirripedia nauplii. In the external zone, the copepodsDrepanopus forcipatusandCtenocalanus citerwere found throughout the year. The annual succession showed a clearer seasonal pattern. Main shifts in community structure occurred in late winter-spring and late summer-autumn, when a high representation of meroplankton and appendicularians was closely associated with phytoplankton blooms. The higher temporal variability in the nearshore community was partially related to variable contributions of adventitious taxa to assemblage composition and may be also reflecting stressful conditions for plankton species linked to freshwater and urban discharges reported within the bay. This study allowed filling the temporal gaps in previous research and providing a more complete picture of the annual mesozooplankton dynamics in the Beagle Channel, generating hypotheses at the community and population levels for future research.