General results on the eigenvalues of operators with gaps, arising from both ends of the gaps.: Application to Dirac operators

This paper is concerned with an extension and reinterpretation of previous results on the variational characterization of eigenvalues in gaps of the essential spectrum of self-adjoint operators. We state two general abstract results on the existence of eigenvalues in the gap and a continuation principle. Then these results are applied to Dirac operators in order to characterize simultaneously eigenvalues corresponding to electronic and positronic bound states.