Generation of vortex beams by the four-step phase plates

The generation and application of the vortex beams are part of the hot topics in the optical field. In this paper, the phase structure of the four-step phase plates, analyzed by Fourier series expansion method, is composed of a series of spiral phase plates. When the phase plate is directly irradiated by linearly polarized light, multi-order diffraction waves with different topological charge numbers are generated. Unlike vortex waves, the intensity distribution of the multi-order diffraction has a deviation from the axial symmetry due to the interference with each other. On this basis, a new scheme is proposed to generate vortex beams by the four-step phase plates. With the help of Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the diffraction waves generated by two pieces of the four-step phase plates overlap each other. By adjusting the phase difference of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer, some orders of diffraction waves generate destructive interference while the others generate constructive interference. Thus the linear polarized light can be converted into vortex beams. The diffraction intensity and angular momentum distributions of the four-step phase plates with different cycle numbers are numerically simulated and compared with the spiral phase plates, we can provethat the vortex beams can be obtained by simple four-step phase plates which are the same as those obtained by spiral phase plates. In addition, the four-step phase plates with a small cycle number can generate vortex beams with a large topological charge number and the fabrication difficulty of the phase plates is reduced.