Removal of organic micropollutants from municipal wastewater by powdered activated carbon-activated sludge treatment

In Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)-Activated Sludge (AS) Treatment, PAC is directly dosed into the AS tank. In this study, batch and pilot plant experiments were carried out to investigate the efficacy of PAC-AS treatment concerning the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs). Batch and pilot plant experiments showed compa-rable removal efficiency of nine OMPs: a mean removal of 80 % could be achieved at a specific PAC dose of 2.5 mg PAC/mg DOC; during a PAC cut-off experiment, the removal performance leveled off in the first 6 h without PAC dosage. A further investigation involving an intermittent dosage of PAC demonstrated that OMPs were removed stably when PAC was dosed every 6 h, which implies the possibility of reduced investment and maintenance costs of a dosing unit.DOC was removed by 18 +/- 4 % when the PAC doses ranged from 1.9 to 2.3 mg PAC/mg DOC in this study. A more detailed characterization of the organic matter was performed by means of size exclusion chromatography coupled with organic carbon detection (SEC-OCD). The high molecular weight fraction (F1) and hydrophobic organic compounds (DOCh) were most adsorbed by PAC, revealed by batch and pilot plant experiments. It in-dicates a higher competition potential of these two fractions against OMP adsorption compared to other DOC fractions in the PAC-AS system.