Stated preferences for smart green infrastructure in stormwater management

Many smart technologies have been proposed to improve existing or new infrastructures by adding sensing, controls, communications and computing, but it is not well understood which actual functions and capabilities are desired by potential users. Since water systems in the United States are largely run by public sector agencies, this study conducted a national survey with officials in water utilities and agencies to understand what kinds and capabilities of smart green infrastructure are desired for stormwater management. Analyzing the stated preferences of these users using a discrete choice model, our results indicate that these officials are willing to invest more upfront in smart technologies if they lower the costs associated over time with construction, maintenance, and labor. For example, in a typical rain garden, water agencies are willing to pay 12.1% more for construction to reduce maintenance costs by 20% and would pay 12.9% more to add self-irrigating capabilities. Preferences for smart green infrastructure among agencies are also affected by their characteristics. Agencies with large service areas or prior experience with green infrastructure are more likely to adopt smart green infrastructure. These results should assist in the further design and development of smart technologies and green infrastructure in stormwater management.