Occupant simulation models: Experiment and practice

This paper is an overview of the evolution of math modeling as it pertains to occupant/restraint interactions. Specifically, math models involving lumped mass, finite element, and hybrid methods are examined. The process by which math models of both the dummy and restraints are developed, validated, and integrated into the vehicle design process is also presented. Finally, the progression of modeling impact responses of instrumented dummies to that of modeling actual human responses is motivated by way of example.