Reconstruction of the Little Ice Age glaciers and equilibrium line altitudes in the Kodar Range, southeast Siberia

Little Ice Age (LIA), a time of global cooling widely manifested in the 14th-19th centuries, was characterized by worldwide expansion of mountain glaciers. Unfortunately, little is known about the LIA glacier changes in remote areas of continental Siberia. In this work we studied the evolution of the glaciers of the Kodar Range, southeast Siberia. These glaciers are mainly of small size (< 0.5 km(2)), cirque and cirque-valley, with predominant northern and north-eastern aspects, located at elevations of 1900-2800 m a.s.l. Using field and satellite imagery data over the 2001-2013 period (Landsat ETM + , Cartosat-1, WorldView-2) we mapped the glaciers, equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) and the LIA moraines. Modern ELAs vary from 1945 to 2615 m a.s.l. (mean value is 2286 +/- 162 m) and demonstrate NNW to SSE increasing regional trend (from 2060 to 2430 m a.s.l.) with local ELA variability due to orography of +/- 114 m. The extents of the LIA glaciers were reconstructed from terminal moraines, located in front of the glacier termini. These moraines are of fresh morphology, nonvegetated, and locally dated by lichenometry at the mid-18th century. Since the LIA the total glacier area decreased from 19 km(2 )to 9 km(2) (by 53%) and glacier termini retreated, on average, by 440 m. South and southwest facing glaciers shrunk 1.5-2 times stronger than those with northern and north-eastern aspects. Using the toe-to-headwall altitude ratio (THAR) and toe-to-summit altitude method (TSAM), the LIA ELAs were calculated. The LIA ELAs lowered, on average, by 40-60 m, while the ELA changes on south and south-west facing glaciers (mean value of 80-100 m) was 2-2.5 times greater than of the northern. ELA depression during the LIA corresponded to decrease in mean summer temperature of 0.9-1.1 degrees C (if precipitation was equal to the present). Temperature increase was mainly responsible for ELA rising since the LIA, however, the response of small glaciers could be modulated by other factors (e.g. local insolation or precipitation). Stronger reduction of the south and south-west facing Kodar glaciers can be explained by their greater sensitivity to both solar radiation and snow nourishment with southern cyclones and East Asian monsoon.