Low-voltage CMOS rail-to-rail V-I converters

This paper presents two CMOS low-voltage rail-to-rail voltage-to-current converters (V-I converter) which could be used as basic building blocks to construct low-voltage current-mode analog VLSI circuits. In each of the circuits, an N-type V-I converter cell is connected in parallel with its P-type counterpart to achieve common-mode rail-to-rail operation. A linear differential relationship of the N-type V-I converter, or its P-type complement, is obtained using a new class-AB linearization technique, In the first rail-to-rail V-I converter circuit, a constant transconductance is achieved through the use of two maximum-current selecting circuits and an output subtraction stage, In the second circuit, a constant transconductance value is obtained by manipulating the DC bias currents of N- and P-type V-I converter cells. Both of the circuits can operate from rail to rail with a power supply of 3V, or less depending on the VLSI technology and the DC bias current level.