Gold and metal enrichment in natural granitic melts during fractional crystallization

Metal evolution in a composite granitic pluton was tracked by analyzing melt inclusions in 11 quartz samples from 7 zones at the Timbarra gold deposit, Australia. We present the first quantitative microanalyses of gold (An) in granitic silicate melt inclusions using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry and show how An and other metals become enriched during fractional crystallization in a granite intrusion. An was enriched during fractionation from a monzogranite to a highly fractionated alkali-feldspar granite. Similar enrichment behavior for other metals implies that no gold-enriched precursor melt is required and fractional crystallization can enrich the An concentration to economic levels. The low content of accessory oxides and sulfides, the absence of early Cl-bearing fluids, the volatile content in the melt, and a prolonged crystallization constitute important factors for extensive metal enrichment during crystal fractionation. These characteristics play a crucial role in felsic, highly fractionated plutons and their associated deposits such as intrusion-related An deposits. The gold enrichment during fractionation also implies that An is directly sourced from the granites.