Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes related to astringency during cucumber fruit development

The goal of this study was to provide quantitative data on the catechin contents and underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms in cucumber during fruit development. The dynamic changes in the total catechin contents and RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling of the flesh and peel of the cucumber cultivar 'YanBai', which is strongly astringent, were examined at three key developmental stages 3, 6 and 9 days post-pollination. The total catechin content decreased as cucumber fruit developed and was significantly lower in the flesh than in the peel. In total, 5092 and 4004 genes were found to be differently expressed in the peel and flesh, respectively. Based on a functional annotation, eight structural genes encode enzymes involved in the catechin biosynthesis pathway. Three genes encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligases, two genes encoding chalcone isomerases, two genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase and one gene each encoding a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase were identified as affecting the catechin content of cucumber. The transcriptome data also revealed the significance of transcription factors, including WD40-repeat proteins, MYB and bHLH, in regulating catechin biosynthesis. These findings help increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling catechin biosynthesis and astringency development in cucumber fruit.