Associations of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin with demographics, body mass, sex steroids, and lifestyle factors in preschool Japanese children

Purpose: We aimed to assess the associations of sex, age, body mass, sex steroid hormones, and lifestyle factors with the levels of melatonin in young children. Methods: This study followed a cross-sectional design and was conducted two preschools in Japan. Subjects were 235 boys and 203 girls, aged 3-6 years. Information related to demographics, body mass, and lifestyle factors was obtained from parent-administered questionnaires. The levels of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone in first-void morning urine were measured by radioimmunoassay. Urinary estrone, estradiol, testosterone, and 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 alpha diol levels were measured by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The creatinine-corrected 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and the estimated value of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion were higher in girls than in boys. After adjustments for age, the creatinine-corrected 6-sulfatoxymelatonin was negatively associated with weight and body mass index among boys and with weight and height among girls. However, the estimated value of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion was not associated with any indices of body mass. No significant relationships of urinary sex steroids, light exposure at night, sleep time, sedentary lifestyles, or passive smoking with urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin were observed. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that melatonin levels depend on sex and body size among young healthy children. Our results should be confirmed in future researches. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.