Synthesis, characterization, thermophysical properties, stability and applications of nanoparticle enhanced phase change materials - A comprehensive review

Due to high energy storage density and nearly constant temperature, phase change materials (PCMs) have become an attractive option for a variety of thermal equipment. But the usage of PCMs is hindered due to their low thermal conductivity. The addition of nanoparticles (NPs) to PCM is one of the promising solutions. A comprehensive understanding is required before the usage of NPs in PCMs. The present review article focus on synthesis, characterization, effect of NPs on the thermophysical properties, stability, and applications of the nanoparticle enhanced PCM (NEPCM) operating in the range of 30-100 ?. Almost 40 different NPs were used in the literature to improve the thermal conductivity of the PCM. Experimental data of various research articles are analyzed to select the promising NEPCMs based upon the change in thermal conductivity and latent heat. The stability of NPs due to the addition of surfactants and the influence of heating/cooling cycles on the stability of NPs and thermophysical properties are also discussed.