The effect of shift work on body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Context: Shift work involves working outside the standard working hours of 9 am to 5 pm Monday to Friday and may include working evening, night, weekend, or rotating shift patterns. Since shift workers sleep less and their circadian rhythms are disrupted, they are reported to have higher body weight than day workers.Objective: This meta-analysis aims to determine whether shift workers (SW) are more prone to higher body mass index (BMI) than their day workers (DW) counterparts. It also addresses the question of whether the duration of shift work exposure, sex, or occupational type affect BMI value.Methods: Four databases that is PubMed, EBSCO Host, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for reports published up to October 2023.Results: Sixty-three studies involving a total of 693 449 participants met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses showed a significant effect of shift work on BMI value (standard mean difference; SMD: 0.10 kg/m(2) [95% confidence interval; 95% CI: 0.07; 0.13; p < .001]) as compared with non-shift counterparts. Subgroup analysis revealed that shift work significantly increased BMI for studies where male working on this job schedule (SMD: 0.10 kg/m(2) [95% CI: 0.04; 0.17; p = .0018]) for studies where shift workers worked >= 13 years (calculated as the median of shift work experience; SMD: 0.14 kg/m(2) [95% CI: 0.10; 0.18; p < .001]) as well as for studies where industrial (SMD: 0.12 kg/m(2) [95% CI: 0.05; 0.19; p = .0012]) and other type of occupations were dominated (0.12 kg/m(2) [95% CI: 0.07; 0.16; p < .001]).Conclusions: We found that in general working on a shift schedule increases BMI as compared with day workers, especially in case of male employed in this job schedule, for shift workers working for long periods of time (>= 13 years), and for shift workers employed in industry and other type of occupations(e.g., airline workers, firefighters, police officers, blue collar, security personnel, bus drivers, garbage collectors, railway workers, postal, oil and gas workers).