Globalization and energy consumption's effect on Japan's ecological imprint: Implications for environmental sustainability

This research explores the effect of globalization, economic growth, and energy consumption on Japan's ecological imprint using annual time series data from 1990 to 2021. The research used Granger causality tests, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS). Empirical data shows globalization and non-renewable energy consumption positively impact Japan's ecological imprint, whereas long-run renewable energy usage and gross domestic product (GDP) have inverse effects. The short-run outcome reveals a direct correlation between GDP and ecological imprint but a negative correlation between globalization, renewable energy usage and non-renewable energy usage on the ecological imprint. DOLS coefficients are insignificant, even if they are negligible at the 5% level; the DOLS results concurred with the long-term ARDL. Renewable and non-renewable energy usage have an ecological impact, yet non-renewable energy usage granger cause the use of renewable energy usage, according to the Granger causality findings. The results also show a causal link between globalization and the adoption of renewable energy.