Intensive bracing management combined with physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with a major curve ranging from 40-60? who refused surgery: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for brace management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) are mostly recommended for curves be-tween 25 degrees to 40 degrees. For AIS patients with curves >40 degrees, surgery is often considered since bracing may be less effective; however, there are still some patients and families who refuse operation. Therefore, further research is necessary to determine optimal bracing management in this group. To date, few protocols for such have been reported in literature.AIM: The aim of this study was to introduce and evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment protocol comprising of intensive bracing manage-ment and physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) in AIS patients with a major curve of 40-60 degrees who refuse surgery. DESIGN: This is a prospective cohort study. SETTING: The study was carried out in an outpatient clinic. POPULATION: 10-18-year-old AIS patients having 40-60 degrees curves and a Risser grade of 0-3, but firmly refusing surgery were eligible. Patients who had a proximal thoracic curve or had undergone any other form of treatment previously were excluded from the study.METHODS: A total of 82 patients were recruited and received the treatment. The primary outcome was defined as "success" when the main curve was below 50 degrees upon reaching skeletal maturity, and "failure" if otherwise. The secondary outcome was defined as improved (>5 degrees reduc-tion), unchanged (<5 degrees change) or progressed (>5 degrees increase) based on the evolution of the main curve. The per protocol (PP) and intent to treat (ITT) analyses were performed to quantify success rates, while the dropouts were considered as failures. Risk factors associated with bracing failure were identified and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off value.RESULTS: A total of 77 patients completed the treatment, while 5 dropped out. The average main curve was 47.40 +/- 5.93 degrees at baseline and 38.56 +/- 11.85 degrees at last follow-up (P<0.001). Our management was successful in 83% and 78% of patients based on the PP and ITT analyses, respectively. When compared with the curve magnitude at baseline, 65% patients improved, 30% remained unchanged, and 5% progressed when using a 5 degrees threshold. Univariate comparison and logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients with successful outcomes had a significantly smaller baseline curve, larger Risser Stage, and larger in-brace correction (IBC) rate.CONCLUSIONS: For AIS patients with 40-60 degrees curves who refused surgery, our intensive bracing management along with PSSE was practical and effective, achieving success in 78% of patients based on an ITT analysis. A larger baseline curve, smaller Risser Stage, and smaller IBC rate were associated with treatment failure.CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Our intensive management provides new insights into improving the effectiveness of bracing in patients with AIS who refuse surgery. This is a promising option for patients with 40-60 degrees curves, since their scoliosis may be treated using a non-surgical technique instead of surgery in the future.