4F-MAKA: Four-factor mutual authentication and key agreement protocol for internet of things

The Internet of Things (IoT), a popular technology that has revolutionized the concept of smart gadgets by bringing the world together, uses the Internet to connect the simplest devices to the most sophisticated. IoT covers a wide range of topics, from simple ones like shopping and smart devices to more complex ones like automated manufacturing and the digital healthcare system. The equipment used in these fields communicates with one another over the Internet, an open platform vulnerable to security concerns. Many protocols for securing IoT communications have been devised; however, they have failed to provide the essential security strength against impersonation, replaying, intrusion and obstruction. As a result, authenticating the IoT users and safeguarding the communications carried out by IoT devices are critical. As a result, we propose a Four-Factor Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Internet of Things in this article. The Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, the Real-Or-Random (ROR) model, and informal security analysis demonstrate the protocol's soundness. The protocol's robustness against multiple threats is demonstrated using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool. Finally, the protocol's effectiveness in the real world is ensured through its performance evaluation.