Estimating the Peak Outflow and Maximum Erosion Rate during the Breach of Embankment Dam

Understanding and modeling a dam breaching process is an essential investigation, because it aims to minimize the flood's hazards, and its impact on people and structures, using suitable mitigation plans. In the current study, three-dimensional numerical modeling is carried out using the FLOW-3D HYDRO program to investigate the impact of various factors, including the dam grain size materials, crest width, inflow discharge, and tail water depth on the dam breach process, particularly the peak outflow, and the erosion rate. The results show that changing the grain size of the dam material from fine sand to medium and coarse sand leads to an increase in the peak outflow discharge by 16.0% and the maximum erosion rate by 20.0%. Furthermore, increasing the dam crest width by 40% leads to a decrease in the peak outflow by 3.0% and the maximum erosion rates by 4.50%. Moreover, increasing the inflow discharge by 25.0% increases the peak outflow by 23.0% and the maximum erosion rates by 21.0%. Finally, increasing the tail water depth by 50.0% leads to decreasing the peak outflow by 4.50% and the maximum erosion rate by 43.0%. The study findings are considered of high importance for dam design and operation control. Moreover, the results can be applied for the optimum determination of the crest width and tail water depth that leads to improving the dam stability.