Obesity, Twin Pregnancy, and the Role of Assisted Reproductive Technology

Importance The prevalence of overweight and obesity (body mass index [BMI] >= 25) has increased globally, and high BMI has been linked to higher rates of twin birth. However, evidence from large population-based studies is lacking; the issue needs careful study, as women with obesity are also more likely to use assisted reproductive technology (ART), which frequently results in twin pregnancy.Objective To examine the association between BMI and twin birth and the role of ART as a potential mediator in this association.Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included all live births and stillbirths with gestational age of 20 weeks or longer in British Columbia, Canada, from 2008 to 2020, using data from the British Columbia Perinatal Database Registry. Data analysis was conducted from November 2022 to June 2023.Exposures Prepregnancy BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, and use of ART.Main Outcomes and Measures The study assessed whether prepregnancy BMI is associated with the rate of twin vs singleton delivery and whether this association is explained by the differential use of ART in women with obesity.Results A total of 524 845 deliveries at 20 weeks' or longer gestation occurred in British Columbia during the study period, and 392 046 women had complete data on prepregnancy BMI. The median (IQR) age was 31.4 (27.7-35.0) years, approximately half were nulliparous (243 443 [46.4%]) and less than 10% smoked during pregnancy (36 894 [7.1%]). Overall, 8295 women had a twin delivery (15.8 per 1000 deliveries), and rates per 1000 deliveries by prepregnancy BMI categories were 11.9 (underweight), 15.1 (normal), 16.0 (overweight), 16.0 (obesity class I), 16.7 (obesity class II), and 18.9 (obesity class III). After adjustment for other covariates, women with underweight had relatively 16% fewer twins compared with women with normal BMI (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.95), while women with overweight, class I obesity, class II obesity, and class III obesity had 14% (aRR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.07-1.21), 16% (aRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.27), 17% (aRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02-1.34), and 41% higher rates (aRR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.19-1.66), respectively. The proportion of women who conceived by ART increased with increasing BMI, and ART was associated with nearly a 12-fold higher rate of twin delivery (aRR, 11.80; 95% CI 11.10-12.54). ART explained about a quarter of the association between obesity class I and II and twin delivery (eg, obesity class I, 23% mediated; 95% CI, 7%-39% mediated), but none of this association was mediated by ART in women with class III obesity.Conclusions and relevance In this cohort study of 524 845 births, the rate of twin birth increased with increasing prepregnancy BMI. In women with a BMI between 30 and 40, approximately one-quarter of this association was explained by higher use of ART; however, there was no evidence of such mediation in women with BMI of 40 or greater.