ERF1 inhibits lateral root emergence by promoting local auxin accumulation and repressing ARF7 expression

Lateral roots (LRs) are crucial for plants to sense environmental signals in addition to water and nutrient ab-sorption. Auxin is key for LR formation, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that Arabidopsis ERF1 inhibits LR emergence by promoting local auxin accumulation with altered dis-tribution and regulating auxin signaling. Loss of ERF1 increases LR density compared with the wild type, whereas ERF1 overexpression causes the opposite phenotype. ERF1 enhances auxin transport by upregu-lating PIN1 and AUX1, resulting in excessive auxin accumulation in the endodermal, cortical, and epidermal cells surrounding LR primordia. Furthermore, ERF1 represses ARF7 transcription, thereby downregulating the expression of cell-wall remodeling genes that facilitate LR emergence. Together, our study reveals that ERF1 integrates environmental signals to promote local auxin accumulation with altered distribution and repress ARF7, consequently inhibiting LR emergence in adaptation to fluctuating environments.