Effect of permeable spacer structure on energy loss and mass transfer in reverse osmosis membrane modules

This study used numerical simulation to investigate the effects of a novel permeable cylindrical-flow distributor on energy loss and mass transfer in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane modules. The analysis focused on variables, such as Reynolds number, inlet concentration and flow incidence angle, influencing the improvement of water production efficiency in RO membranes and the reduction of concentration polarisation on the membrane surface. The membrane surface shear stress, vorticity, permeate flux and concentration polarisation factor were used to describe these effects. To better explain the performance of the permeable flow distributor, the viscous resistance coefficient (Du) in the porous media model was used to measure the permeability of the flow distributor. Furthermore, a produced water energy consumption factor (JCP) was defined to represent the energy required for unit water production. The results indicate that the permeable flow distributor significantly reduces pressure loss in the membrane channels, avoiding the high energy consumption associated with traditional flow distributors in RO processes. The Du exhibits an optimal value in the range of 1e8 to 1e10, which maximises the JCP, leading to a 32.9 % improvement compared to traditional impermeable flow distributors. This achievement enables energy-efficient and effective desalination of seawater.