Projections of Greenland climate change from CMIP5 and CMIP6

As the Arctic continues to warm faster than the global average, the Greenland ice sheet faces a warmer future without restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, 24 CMIP5 and 21 CMIP6 models were used to analyze projections of precipitation, 2 m or near-surface air temperature (T2m), and 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) over Greenland under medium and high emission scenarios. The multi-model ensemble means indicate that CMIP6 is a warmer output with more precipitation in Greenland under medium and high emission scenarios relative to CMIP5. At the end of the 21st century (2071-2100), annual integrated precipitation in Greenland under RCP8.5 (SSP58.5) is projected to increase by 277.9 (281.3) Gt relative to the 1986-2005 climatological mean, with a significant positive trend of 38.5 (42.9) Gt/dec (p < 0.05) post-2020, approximately twice that under RCP4.5 (SSP24.5). Under high emission scenarios, T2m will steadily increase by 5.2 (5.7) C at the end of the 21st century and the northern amplifying effect of warming is more intense. In this context, northeast Greenland will increase the highest precipitation, with a trend of >30 mm/dec during 2020-2100. The Z500 rises higher from southeast to northwest Greenland due to global warming under medium and high emission scenarios. Model and scenario uncertainties are major sources of uncertainty at the end of the 21st century. Compared to CMIP5, the model uncertainty of CMIP6 decreases more but remained higher at the end of this century. The projections of northern Greenland are more reliable than those of other regions, with a lower total fractional uncertainty and a greater signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, we did not find an additional T2m increase due to internal variability. Under medium and high emission scenarios, Greenland near surface air warming is major owed to global warming. Considering the importance of current circulation anomalies and after removing the artificial increase in Z500, the decrease in Delta Z500 indicates that future warming has been underestimated under medium and high emission scenarios.