Optimal Load Sharing between Lithium-Ion Battery and Supercapacitor for Electric Vehicle Applications

There has been a suggestion for the best energy management method for an electric vehicle with a hybrid power system. The objective is to supply the electric vehicle with high-quality electricity. The hybrid power system comprises a supercapacitor (SC) bank and a lithium-ion battery. The recommended energy management plan attempts to maintain the bus voltage while providing the load demand with high-quality power under various circumstances. The management controller is built on a metaheuristic optimization technique that enhances the flatness theory-based controller's trajectory generation parameters. The SC units control the DC bus while the battery balances the power on the common line. This study demonstrates the expected contribution using particle swarm optimization and performance are assessed under various optimization parameters, including population size and maximum iterations. Their effects on controller performance are examined in the study. The outcomes demonstrate that the number of iterations significantly influences the algorithm's ability to determine the best controller parameters. The results imply that combining metaheuristic optimization techniques with flatness theory can enhance power quality. The suggested management algorithm ensures power is shared efficiently, protecting power sources and providing good power quality.