Real-World Emission Characteristics of Full-Volatility Organics Originating from Nonroad Agricultural Machinery during Agricultural Activities

Thisstudy provides first-hand real-world data (includingEFs, volatility distributions, and gas-particle partitioningdata) for NRAM full-volatility organics to facilitate the improvementof emission inventories and atmospheric chemistry models. Nonroad agricultural machinery (NRAM) emissions constitutea significantsource of air pollution in China. Full-volatility organics originatingfrom 19 machines under 6 agricultural activities were measured synchronously.The diesel-based emission factors (EFs) for full-volatility organicswere 4.71 & PLUSMN; 2.78 g/kg fuel (average & PLUSMN; standard deviation),including 91.58 & PLUSMN; 8.42% volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 7.94 & PLUSMN; 8.16% intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), 0.28 & PLUSMN; 0.20% semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and 0.20 & PLUSMN;0.16% low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs). Full-volatility organicEFs were significantly reduced by stricter emission standards andwere the highest under pesticide spraying activity. Our results alsodemonstrated that combustion efficiency was a potential factor influencingfull-volatility organic emissions. Gas-particle partitioningin full-volatility organics could be affected by multiple factors.Furthermore, the estimated secondary organic aerosol formation potentialbased on measured full-volatility organics was 143.79 & PLUSMN; 216.80mg/kg fuel and could be primarily attributed to higher-volatility-intervalIVOCs (bin(12)-bin(16) contributed 52.81 & PLUSMN; 11.58%). Finally, the estimated emissions of full-volatilityorganics from NRAM in China (2021) were 94.23 Gg. This study providesfirst-hand data on full-volatility organic EFs originating from NRAMto facilitate the improvement of emission inventories and atmosphericchemistry models.