Assessment of physically treated banana leaves as a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent for removal of a textile azo dye

The search for promising and cost-effective materials to remove hazardous dyes with the aim of protecting the aquatic environment and human health is a major contemporary global challenge. In this study, a cost-effective and environmentally friendly was produced from the wastes of the banana leaves using a physical treatment process. It was used as an adsorbent to remove hazardous Setapers blue (SB) azo dye from wastewater. The treated banana leaves (TBL) powder was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The characterization techniques revealed that TBL adsorbent possesses a variety of functional groups which can promote the removal of SB azo dye. The effects of initial concentration, contact time, and solution pH on the adsorption performance were investigated in a batch mode study at 25 degrees C. Furthermore, the iodine number value was 408 mg/g, which shows that the TPBL adsorbent process has a high microporosity. The salt addition method shows that the pH(zpc) value was 7.8. The kinetic study of the removal of SB dye on TBL adsorbent showed that the maximum dye retention was recorded beyond 40 min and that the model of the pseudo-second-order is well adapted, which indicates that chemisorption is the most dominant mechanism. The adsorption process obeys the Langmuir model isotherm, indicating that the adsorbate/adsorbent transfer generally takes place in a single layer with a maximum Langmuir sorption capacity of around 22.225 mg/g, by comparison with the coagulation-flocculation chemical treatment method using FeCl3 and Al-2(SO4)(3) as a congratulant agent. The removal of SB dye using TPBL adsorbent was more favorable for their high removal efficiency and green treatment method. Desorption efficiency follows the order NaCl > > HCl > ethanol. After four consecutive cycles of regeneration and reusability of TBL adsorption performance, the adsorption efficiency was decreased.