Genome-wide profiling of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and its modification in response to chilling stress in grapevine leaves

Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) is a histone modification associated with transcriptional repression. However, insights into the genome-wide pattern of H3K27me3 in grapevines are limited. Here, anti-H3K27 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), high-throughput sequencing, and transcriptome analysis were performed using leaves of Vitis amurensis. The leaves were treated at 4 & DEG;C for 2 h and 24 h and used to investigate changes in H3K27me3 under chilling treatment. The results show that H3K27me3 is well-distributed both in gene regions (-50%) and in the intergenic region (-50%) in the grapevine genome (Vitis vinifera 'Pinot Noir PN40024'). H3K27me3 was found to be localized in 8 368 annotated gene regions in all detected samples (leaves at normal temperature and under chilling treatments) and mainly enriched in gene bodies with the adjacent promoter and downstream areas. The short-term chilling treatments (4 & DEG;C for 2 h) induced 2 793 gains and 305 losses in H3K27me3 modification. Subsequently, 97.3% of the alterations were restored to original levels after 24 h treatment. The ChIP-qPCR for five differential peaks showed similar results to the data for ChIP-seq, indicating that the chilling-induced H3K27me3 modification is reliable. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and ChIP-seq results showed that the expression of H3K27me3 target genes was significantly lower than those of non-target genes, indicating transcriptional repression of H3K27me3 in grapevine leaves. Furthermore, histone methylation alter-ations were detected in 82 genes and were related to either repression or activation of their expression during chilling stress. The findings provide the genome-wide H3K27me3 patterns in grapevines and shed light on uncovering its regulation in chilling stress responses.