Ultrasound-Assisted Fermentation to Remove Cadmium from Rice and Its Application

Rice, which is a major part of the daily diet, is becoming more and more contaminated by cadmium (Cd). This study combined low-intensity ultrasonic waves with the Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation method and optimized this technique by a single-factor and response surface experiment, aiming to solve the practical problems that the current Cd removal methods for rice cannot address, due to the fact that they require a long time (nearly 24 h), which prevents meeting the rice production demands. The described technique required a short time (10 h), and the highest Cd removal reached 67.05 +/- 1.38%. Further analysis revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum for Cd increased by nearly 75%, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity increased by almost 30% after the ultrasonic intervention. Additionally, a sensory evaluation and other experiments proved that the properties of the rice noodles prepared from Cd-reduced rice obtained by ultrasound-assisted fermentation were comparable to those of traditional rice noodles, indicating that this method can be used in actual rice production.