Topological Characteristics of the Pore Network in the Tight Sandstone Using Persistent Homology

Tight sandstone reservoirs have become important areas for unconventional reservoir development, and their pore network is a key feature for identifying tight sandstone, which affects fluid migration path and reservoir development efficiency. However, the connectivity characteristics of the pore network at different scales have remained unclear owing to the numerous pores and uneven pore shape. Here, using pore size distributions from many hundreds of tight sandstone samples and subsequent topological data analysis, we construct the topological structure of the pore network in the Yanchang Formation tight sandstone of the Ordos Basin in China and visualize the topological characteristics of the pore network with distances. We show that there are three connected groups within the pore structure of the tight sandstone. The topology of the pore network resides on a trident ring manifold, suggesting that the pore network in the tight sandstone encompasses three obvious dominant connection paths. One prominent bar on the H0 dimension in the barcode indicates a two-point connection from nanoscale to microscale in the pore network. Three prominent bars with varying durations on the H1 dimension indicate the presence of three separate multipoint connections within a limited extent in the pore network. Connectivity of combined pores is good and controlled by the topological structure of the pore network. This demonstration of pore connections on a trident ring manifold provides a population-level visualization of the pore network in the tight sandstone.