Bi-level planning model of distributed PV-energy storage system connected to distribution network under the coordinated operation of electricity-carbon market

The disordered connection of Distributed PV-Energy Storage Systems (DPVES) in the Distribution Network (DN) will have negative impacts, such as voltage deviation and increased standby costs, which will affect the demand of urban consumers for reliable and sustainable power consumption. Therefore, reasonable planning of the location and capacity of the DPVES in the DN is one of the key measures to reduce these negative impacts, while promoting the consumption of renewable energy and protecting the income of the DPVES. In this paper, under the background of coordinated operation of China's electricity market and carbon market, considering the uncertainty of distributed photovoltaic (DPV) output power and the demand response (DR) behavior of users, a bilevel planning model of DPVES in DN is established. The upper-level model aims at the maximum revenue of the DPVES in the DN and the highest local consumption rate of DPV, and the decision variables are the connection location and capacity of the DPVES. The lower-level model aims at the minimum average voltage deviation of the DN nodes, and the decision variables are the implementation of load-side DR and the output power of the DPVES. Then, the solution method and process of the model are given. Finally, four planning scenarios are set up in the IEEE-33 node distribution system, and the planning results of different scenarios are analyzed and discussed. The research results show that the bi-level planning model proposed in this paper can reduce the average voltage deviation of DN nodes while effectively increasing the average return of the DPVES and improving the local consumption rate of DPV.