Sizing of hydrogen energy storage concepts for simultaneous participation in various energy markets

Large-scale energy storage systems are indispensable for the transition towards a net-zero energy system. The profitability of such a storage system is essential to ensure proper operation and avoid complex incentives. A linear programming model with perfect forecast was developed to analyze the simultaneous participation of two hydrogen energy storage concepts in various German energy markets. The results show that both concepts can be operated profitable under current and future market conditions only when participating in various energy markets. The hydrogen compressed air storage (HCAES) shows higher yearly profits than the hydrogen energy storage (HES) because of a higher fuel efficiency. Higher profits lead to higher optimal rated power and storage capacity because the revenue compensates for the investment costs. The storage plants participate on average in two to three energy markets simultaneously. In the future, this value can increase to five energy markets on average.