Measurements of Rayleigh wave ellipticity anisotropy and implications for distinct crustal deformation styles across the SE Tibet margin

Plateau growth of southeastern Tibet is often understood by applying the end-member conceptual models, such as ductile material flow in the deep crust, and lateral extrusion of coherently deforming or rigid blocks. Though recent studies suggest the local crustal flow and movements of rigid blocks may be compatible in a way, am-biguities still persist in the formation of the gently sloping margin of southeastern Tibet and interactions between the plateau and the outer forelands. Here we present a 3D crustal deformation model in southeastern Tibet and adjacent regions, by summarizing different types of seismic anisotropy measurements including a newly obtained continuous map of uppermost crustal anisotropy, which are derived from observations of the directionally dependent teleseismic Rayleigh wave ellipticity. Layered deformation is observed within the crust beneath the southeastern Tibet Plateau, while the outer foreland shows an overall coherently deforming mode. The con-spicuous change of the crustal deformation styles across the southeastern Tibet margin is against the idea that the low topographic gradients of the plateau margin were produced by leakage of ductile deep crust beneath the plateau. We argue that both the crustal flow beneath the plateau interior and lateral extrusion of the outer foreland accommodate the intracontinental convergence at southeastern Tibet.