Long-term Impacts of Civic Engagement during Emerging Adulthood: A Nationally-representative Study

Purpose: We examined if civic engagement during emerging adulthood positively impacted a broad array of outcomes in middle adulthood, and if associations varied based on race, gender, age, and urban-rural status. Design: Prospective design used to determine if civic engagement during emerging adulthood ((M) under bar age = 21.81) predicted outcomes 15 years later. Setting: Restricted data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Subjects: Wave 1 participants who completed surveys 7 years (77% follow-up rate), 14 years (80% follow-up rate), and 22 years later (follow-up rate 72%) and who had valid sampling weight to ensure national representativeness (n = 9349). Measures: Predictor - civic engagement; Outcomes-mental health, substance use, criminal behaviors, and healthy behavior. Analysis: Linear regression using MPLUS 7.2. Results: Civic engagement predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms (b = -1.05, SE = .28), criminal behaviors (b = -.47, SE = .12), and substance use (b = -.66, SE = .13), and higher levels of healthy behaviors (b = 1.26, SE = .19), after controlling for demographics, family, peer, neighborhood, and school-related background variables. Moderation analyses revealed that civic engagement benefited females and white participants more. Conclusion: Civic engagement during emerging adulthood has a positive impact on a broad array of outcomes in middle adulthood. Implications and future research recommendations will be discussed.