Bidirectional power exchange between electric vehicles and the grid V2G for the development of flexibility services with aggregation of the EV fleet

The paper presents a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. On an example of a vehicle fleet using the V2G technology, the ability of electric vehicles (EVs) is demonstrated to participate in flexibility services to ensure the grid stability. A simple simulation tool in Python with the PuLP library, is developed to calculate the optimal scheduling of the EVs charging and discharging. The optimization written with linear programming assures minimum number of EV charging and discharging hours while meeting the EVs and grid requirements. From the aggregator's point of view, we found that the most suitable use case is the one with the EVs charged at 20 % at plug-in and the required state of charge at disconnection at 80 %.