Exploitation of freshwater fish waste as feedstock and Fenneropeneus indicus shrimp shell as catalyst source for biodiesel production

The current article emphasize on valorizing fishery waste such as Fenneropeneus indicus shrimp shell to derive catalyst for biodiesel production from freshwater fish waste (FFW) oil as an alternate solution to overcome environmental pollution. The catalyst characterization revealed that the catalyst derived by calcination of shrimp shell at 900 degrees C for 4h was crystalline, mesoporous and exhibited crystallite size of 42.28 nm, a surface area of 5.9861 m(2)/g and excellent basic strength (12.2< H < 15). As per the adopted central composite design (CCD) of response Surface Methodology (RSM), 1:11 mol/mol oil to methanol molar ratio, 6 wt% catalyst concentration, 65 degrees C reaction temperature, and 150 min reaction time were the optimum condition for maximum biodiesel yield of 82.57 wt%. The free fatty acid content (0.4%), acid value (0.84 mg KOH/g), iodine value (107 g I-2/100 g), flash point (115 degrees C), and viscosity (7.48 mm(2)/s) ensured the application of biodiesel prepared from freshwater fish waste oil to be used as fuel. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel were evaluated to validate its feasibility. The FFW oil and calcined shrimp shell catalyst could be used as an alternate feedstock and catalyst source for sustainable biodiesel production and to reduce environmental pollution.